​In October, I found myself in Santiago, Chile, having spent the previous three months in deepest darkest Peru. I was excited to be back in a bustling city, though in hindsight, this excitement was somewhat naïve and misinformed.
 
Unbeknownst to me, I had arrived just before the 18th  of October, which in 2019, signalled the escalation of protests in Chile, and is considered the start of the new social movement. To mark the anniversary, Santiago residents once again took to the streets. Also unbeknownst to me, my hostel was right in the thick of it. By lunch time military tanks were rolling down the blockaded street spraying tear gas indiscriminately at the youthful masses.
 
So, whilst being tear gassed at dinner was not high on my year abroad bucket list, when the waiter laughed at my shock and said, ‘Welcome to Chile’, I did think it was important to learn a bit more about the movement.
 
But what does all of this have to do with music? I hear you ask. Well, music has long since been seen as a way to unite and give voice to protesters. No song quite represents the movement more than ‘El Derecho de Vivir en Paz’, by Victor Jara.
 
Written in 1971, the song started out as an ode to communist Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh. When in 1973 Gen Augosto Pinochet came to power, Jara, an outspoken political activist, was imprisoned and later assassinated. He, and his song, became a symbol of resistance against the powers of violence and repression.
 
In 2019, at the height of protests across Chile, El Derecho de Vivir en Paz, translated as The Right to Live in Peace, could be heard throughout the crowds of protesters across Chile. The immediate trigger of the movement was the increased price in metro tickets in Santiago.
 
But of course, the trigger was not the root cause, and the anger spoke to a much wider discontent and disillusionment with the country’s so called ‘neoliberal experiment’. Right-wing President Piñera at the time responded to the protests with a state of emergency, which many saw as reminiscent of the Pinochet era. So far 36 people have been killed in protests, with 28,000 detained and 11,564 injured.
 
In September, Chile voted emphatically to reject the new constitution under the new left-wing government of Gabriel Boric, leaving many puzzled seeing this as a contradiction. The new constitution sought to undo the current constitution which has not changed since the Pinochet dictatorship. The 1980 convention under Pinochet is widely considered to be unrepresentative of the country, as it does not acknowledge or recognise indigenous peoples, despite the Mapuche making up 10% of the country’s population.       
 
And so, this year, on the 18th of October, Chile was once again brimming with tension. But along with the tension is a new air of division, as it is clear the united front of 2019 is no longer cohesive following the rejection of the new constitution. Yet, behind the violence and conflict, El Derecho de Vivir en Paz, ‘la cancion universal’ (the universal song), still trickles through the October 18th crowds. It serves as a reminder of how far Chile has come since the dictatorship and how far it still has to go.

By Beatrice Twentyman, Music Editor at The Definite Article   

Having only studied Arabic for three years, I’m by no means an expert on the language, history, and culture. But Arabic music – that’s a different story. I have always been a music lover, and learning Arabic gave me a fantastic new opportunity to discover a whole new range of music. In doing so, I have found a love for romantic Arabic music. From upbeat pop to slower ballads, the music industry in the Middle East is flourishing with music of love, romance and passion. The music is not definable by a single feature, so I’ve decided to present a run-down of some of my favourite Arabic singers, songs and albums which all centre around love. 

1. Albi Ya Albi - Nancy Ajram
I couldn’t possibly pick a favourite song from Ajram’s prolific career – from older songs including Enta Eih and Hassa Beek to her newest album Nancy 10, the Lebanese singer sings of love in all its forms. She produced Albi Ya Albi in 2020, and even performed it to be streamed live during the Covid-19 pandemic. I love the rhythms of the piece, and its exploration of the all-encompassing nature of love is sweet and passionate at the same time. Ajram sings, 

لبي يا قلبي اتركني يا قلبي
مش وقتها هلق ارجع حب
لا هلق ما فيي ومنا بإيديي
ما بعرف شو صارله هالقلب
 
My heart oh my heart leave me oh my heart
It's not the right time to fall in love again
I can't now and I can't do anything about it
I don't know what happened to my heart
 
2. Abel B’Waet Zeina – Nabil Khoury
Released in 2020, this song gently encompasses what many of us want from love: quiet devotion, sensitivity and someone who has eyes for us alone. 

من كيف بتكي حسَّيتِك
قريبي عقلبي و حبَّيتِك
و عم بتمنّى كون خلَّيتِك
!بغنيّي تحبّيني بل غلط

From the way you speak, I felt you
close to my heart, and I loved you
And I hope that with my song, I can make you love me by mistake
 
The romantic idea of falling in love ‘by mistake’ is reflected in the calmness of the music, the compassion with which Khoury delivers the lyrics and the constant repetition of the name of his lover, Zeina. A true love letter delivered in musical form.
 
3. EP – Elyanna
Taking the Arab world by storm, the young Palestinian-Chilean singer released a wide-ranging EP in 2020. She demonstrates her versatile talent through sad ballads such as Shee, and upbeat pop hits including Ana Lahale. Let’s hope this is not the last we’ll see of her. 

4. Beehom Kolohom – Ramy Gamal
The idea of eternal love is central to Gamal’s song:

وَعّد منى تعيش معايا سنين

Promise me to live with me for years

The pop ballad builds at the chorus, clearly expressing passion and the desire to love one person ‘for years,’ forever. Easy and beautiful listening. 

5. Inez
You might be familiar with Inez’s My Love, but she has much more to offer. The Moroccan-Dutch singer sings in three languages – Arabic, Dutch and French, building a bridge between different cultures. I highly recommend Menak wla Menni and Ya Benti.
​
Happy listening! 

Erin Waks 

​Despite winning the award for best screenplay at the 2019 Festival de Cannes, Céline Sciamma’s Portrait de la Jeune Fille en Feu is a film primarily about a concealed passion burning within two women. Whilst the script is elegant and lyrical, reminiscent of aristocratic sophistication in eighteenth century France, Sciamma has imbued it with obscure insinuations which are brought to light by the music and art exhibited within the film itself. 
 
The intellectual notes of the script are reflected in scenes of mutual observation between the two heroines: Marianne, a cerebral portraitist working on commission, and Héloïse, a young aristocrat suddenly back from the convent, exchange only a few symbolic words that reveal the possibility of sapphic desire. The general dialogue conforms to themes of duty, social etiquette and distance, letting the space in between their enigmatic conversations reveal the women’s deep attraction to each other’s bodies and minds. Sciamma thus draws a sharp contrast between the patriarchal Age of Enlightenment and the many elements of women’s suppressed internal lives and desires that could only be expressed through obscure art and figurative language. The heroines’ love is ignited behind the bedroom door in an isolated mansion on a cliff by troubled waters, highlighting its inaccessibility to the outside world. 
 
Where language fails to reveal explicitness, Sciamma gives way to artistic forms of expression which would have been mastered by the educated woman at the time. The film score is entirely internal to the film, consisting of Vivaldi’s Summer in G Minor and a Latin chant sung by a secret circle of women, allowing the characters to give life and personality to the development of their emotions on their own terms. The engagement of the audience and the interference of outside technology is thus restricted, and we are left bewildered and rightfully excluded from the layers of deep intimacy between the two characters whose passion unfolds independently of all else except the music. Marianne plays Vivaldi’s piece on the harpsichord, its minor notes and dramatic undertones cautioning against the possibility of a storm on the horizon, reflecting the dangers of the expression of lesbian desire and the coexisting limitations of class and gender in the eighteenth century. Perhaps wittingly, Marianne’s fingers strike a chord in Héloïse’s heart, and she begins to fall for the young painter. A wordless moment of intense intimacy ensues, the baroque piece marking the theme of the women’s precarious feelings for each other, echoed in the final performance at the opera where they are both present but fail to meet, yet remain bound by the intense catharsis of the piece. 
 
 In collaboration with music producer Para One, Sciamma composes a chant consisting only of a quote by Nietzche which she translates into Latin: “The higher we rise, the smaller we appear to those who cannot fly.” The choice of having it chanted in Latin is in itself significant in that it reinforces the esoteric quality of the film; the dead language of scholars is revived, shared among marginalised women and incanted in a somewhat unsettling harmony so as to replicate the collective raising of an alarm. Sciamma’s eerie and confrontational sound is described as György Ligeti meets traditional Bretton dancing; an intellectual bazaar of deeply obscure imagery advocating for the emancipation of women and the freedom to express their right to sexuality. It then comes as no surprise that Sciamma could have named her heroines after two figures of revolution in France: Marianne, the personification of Liberty and the French Republic, and Héloïse d’Argenteuil, erotic abbess and the figure that inspired most literary movements we know of today. Accordingly, we are left with a film whose music discreetly mounts a feminist revolution central to women’s intellectual and sexual liberation.
 
Léa Wakim
 

Every year between 1972 and 1999, the legendary Argentinian musician Charly García released an album or single. This remarkable achievement of creative depth becomes even more impressive when you listen to his music, and the wide range of genres that it covers.
 
The electronic rock love song ‘Hablando a Tu Corazón’ (1986) is one of his most popular releases. The young García was on the path to be a classical musician and then, suddenly, The Beatles happened. Like many artists, both current and of that the time, he speaks of the enormous impact of this music that was new, young, and revolutionary: ‘Me rompieron la cabeza.’ [‘They blew my mind’]. 
 
The lyrics of ‘Hablando a Tu Corazón’ have clear echoes of songs such as ‘I Want To Hold Your Hand’ by The Beatles, pleading with the unknown lover to build an intimate relationship away from the ‘Tanta gente hablando’ [‘The mass of people speaking’]. However, García’s own musical initiative brings an original angle to The Beatles formula, as the racing electronic beats become symbolic of the noise of everyone else, and contrasts with Garcia’s slow singing.
 
Just three years before this upbeat, electronic tune came something different. In the album ‘Clics Modernos’ (1983), the melancholic piano of "Los Dinosaurios" is the background to moving lyrics about the 30,000 people who disappeared during Argentina’s military dictatorship (1976-1983).
 
In this period, García used his musical talents to give voice to nationwide fear and anxiety, stretching the social ambitions of his music beyond the scope of many rock stars at the time. García says that during the military dictatorship, ‘la música fue para mí una forma de seguir viviendo un sueño en medio de la pesadilla que era la realidad’ [Music was, for me, a way to continue living in a dream in the midst of the nightmare that was reality]. Many Argentinians would agree that García’s music provided an important escape from the cruelty of this time.
 
These two songs do not intend to give a full impression of Charly García, but they are two snapshots of a remarkable life which will hopefully give you no choice but to dig deeper into his music yourself!

Thomas Harley - Music Editor
 
Reference:
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZUKcAB_Ntw
 
https://www.dw.com/en/argentinas-vanished-persons-and-the-long-quest-for-justice/a-54310694
 
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_6362000/6362687.stm

Music brings us together. This is a known truth. In the unparalleled world we have now found ourselves thrown into – more connected than ever before online, but bizarrely cut-off from our social norms – the untiring ability of music to generate deep human connection is more marked than ever. From Italian balcony serenades to live concerts played from the homes of artists such as Chris Martin, Dua Lipa, and John Legend, music has given us all a blissful relief from the harsh reality of a global pandemic and has become the prime factor in our mental wellbeing.

It’s not that these instances have given us any kind of sweet slice of oblivion – we are fully aware that Charlie Puth didn’t decide to wake up and stream himself singing from his parents living room for the sake of it. He, like John Legend and Chris Martin, was graciously dipping into the ‘Together at Home’ concert series. The idea aims to unite people through music as we all sit at home, having unknowingly covered most of the series Netflix has to offer, told ourselves to not snack on anything else until dinner, and most likely tried to do a workout and given up shamefully quickly – wondering what to do next.

These are exceptional circumstances, we have all heard these words uttered in more forms than we knew possible over the past couple of weeks, but there is something about the rawness and nonchalance of these ‘concerts’ that provide a true sense of comfort in such an uncomfortable time. It has been so easy to find a feeling of familiarity and solace by watching our favourite artists serenade us from afar over social media. It feels like the world has stopped, but the music hasn’t, and in this heartening fact we can take great consolation.  

This is not to mention the heart-warming videos of people from around the world singing from windows and balconies in a sort of wartime act of hope initially derived from plain boredom and an increased sense of community spirit. Morale has been boosted through the rooftops with the simple act of singing together, enduring this together, and coping with it together. A musical statement demonstrating humanity at its finest.

Whilst the unquestionable effects of Covid-19 on industries such as sport and travel are ruthless, the music industry, needless to say, has been faced with a similar heart-breaking struggle. Artists who make the majority of their income from playing live have been challenged with an unfortunate period of great insecurity for their music. The already ever-changing industry may have to force more changes as we inevitably move to a new, digitalised world. Covid-19 has plainly presented this fact; however, I don’t believe that the wonder of live music will ever fade with this digitalisation.

In the meantime, it is crucial that we should now acknowledge the joy music has brought us all over the world amidst this crisis, and give back to artists by buying merch, purchasing physical CDs/records, streaming their music, introducing your friends and sharing their music, and perhaps even buying tickets for a gig in six months’ time – a much more hopeful prospect.

As Covid-19 spreads, we realise that each week is wildly different from the last. The enchanting thing about music is that it is always there, and it will continue to be more important to us as times get harder. And if we have nothing else to owe this virus, it can be that it once again revealed the remarkable power of music.


​Rosie Stephens

Photo: Michaela Loheit via Flikr. 

In 2010, the world was spoilt with films such as The Social Network, Inception, and Up. What we didn’t see coming, however, was Danish director Susanne Bier’s spectacular filmic escapade, In a Better World. Bier, best known in the UK for directing the worldwide series The Night Manager, created an arresting portrayal of the ‘other’ Denmark, one without such a strikingly harmonious society.
 
The thriller observes the extraordinary but precarious bond formed between two young Danish boys, which contrasts with a tumultuous and deteriorating marriage, as well as a violent relationship between the two fathers. Set against the backdrop of both Denmark and a war-torn African refugee camp, Bier uses the former as a deliberate and visible representation of the darker turmoil that exists in her depiction of Denmark. The film undeniably appears to be a haunting insight into man’s soul, and this proves to be the case upon listening to the soundtrack alone. Immediately, you recognise that this is the score from the kind of film that stays with you for days afterwards.
 
Hailing from Stockholm, Johan Söderqvist was delegated the momentous role of affiliating Bier’s vision with music, combining the elegance and scope of a Hollywood film with the honesty and challenge of a smaller, humbler indie. The Swedish composer employed the African instrument, the ‘mbira’, to carry the tone throughout the soundtrack. In fact, the opening scene – a first look at the refugee camp in Africa - establishes this instrument as the main voice of the film. It acts as a constant throughout the soundtrack, always in the foreground blending with scenes in both Africa and Denmark thanks to its soft nature. Its ability to serve an emotional but also rhythmical function captures the beats of the film perfectly.
 
With the writers of In a Better World, Bier hoped to construct something that dug beneath the smiling surface of Denmark, the best thing about the music is how it serves this idea faithfully. The music contradicts its own face-value purity and perfection; amidst the beauty, there are salient moments of uneasiness, instability and vulnerability. The accompanying music strips itself of any safety or security, leaving us only with a feeling of fragility underneath what seems to be a shining façade. Just like Bier’s Denmark, an idyllic setting that needs to be broken, Söderqvist recognises that there should be a notably tenuous feeling of safety which respects the overriding sentiment of the film. The composer generally employs a sparse musical texture using a lone male voice in all its vulnerability to create moments of intimacy.  This is, however, counteracted by euphoric moments where Söderqvist incorporates unquestionably clichéd but unapologetic soaring strings: a build-up of tension released in an outpouring of emotion. This element of unpredictability means that it is the kind of music which makes you stop. The film has the same effect – it creates a deadly silence, and the music and picture work in accord in a way I have never come across in a score before.
 
Söderqvist should be commended for creating this heartbreakingly beautiful score; undoubtedly his most impressive work to date. It reflects the feelings of frailty and sorrow presented in the film with grace. The music has its own voice in the film, and whilst the picture itself has been praised profusely, the score should receive equal plaudits for its uniquely moving musical narration. I would urge anyone to listen and experience the emotional depth that Söderqvist’s work has to offer.
 
​

It seemed to be an age of glitter and glamour where the disco ball was hanging high and the flared trouser was donned with pride. Cult classics like Abba’s Dancing Queen or Boney M’s Rivers of Babylon were blaring in the local discotheque. Europop was in full swing.  Dance orientated and fun-filled, it is unsurprising that even after the break-up or retirement of many of the artists, their music remains infinitely memorable.

​Europop may be seen as a musical appeal to establishing European culture beyond its counterparts. Abba’s Benny Andersson spoke of the music he listened to when he was young during his induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010, citing the influence of blues music from eastern Russia, to Finland as well as Scandinavia: ‘It’s definitely  in the Swedish folk music, you can hear it in the Russian folk songs, you can hear it in the music from Jean Sibelius or Edvard Grieg from Norway, you could see it in the eyes of Greta Garbo and you can hear it in the voice of Jussi Björling.’ Whilst it may be a stretch to say that there was an outright rejection of British and American music, there was a plea in European music to fashion itself away from the British or American musical monopoly, forming its own identity.

Liberative and lavish, Europop was even a reaction against political austerity in some parts of the continent. The Spanish disco scene boomed after the death of Francisco Franco and his Nuevo Estado in 1975, ending the musical censorship which even included the likes of peace-loving songs like John Lennon’s ‘Imagine’. This shortly followed the emergence of artists like Baccara with their chart-topping ‘Yes Sir, I Can Boogie’ reflecting a newly liberated Spain.
Whilst the fizz of Europop may have fallen flat in end of the 1990s, many of the music producers responsible for mass pop culture today are currently are European. The Swedish producer and industry legend, Max Martin was responsible for the teen pop sensation Britney Spears offering her the song ‘Baby One More Time’. Yet this song did not feel American at all, set in C minor this was a radical break from the major keys that dominated pop. Martin was also responsible for artists such as Backstreet Boys, ’N Sync, and Katy Perry, crediting the Swedish public-school system for much of his success (even forming the Swedish Glam Rock band, It’s Alive, whilst there).

With the ever-shifting landscape of pop-culture, the impact of Europop seems to be a distant opium dream, yet its influence today is still profound. Beyond its aesthetic value, music appeals to both a national sense of identity that is pertinent given the current state of British politics, but also the bigger national collaboration that happens behind the scenes that we may not be aware of.


Anna de Vivo

Cuba has always been an island brimming with culture. The country’s music scene is just one branch of a flourishing tree. Many of the world’s current artists can trace the roots of their ideas back to Cuban music. The island’s sound, at the vanguard of world music, is constantly evolving. To put it simply, Cuban music is much more than the soundtrack to your family meal out at Chiquitos.


The term ‘Cuban music’ encompasses a number of distinct sub-genres, each comprised of their own sub-sub-genres and so on... Take rumba for example, a style said to have three traditional forms, all emerging from Afro-Cuban culture which dates back to the 16th century when enslaved Africans were brought to the island.


Many of the sub-genres, notably guajira, son, and rumba, went on to inspire Flamenco rhythms, New Orleans R&B, and the infectious reggaetón, famously known as the music of choice for booze cruises across the globe.


To understand the basics of Cuba’s distinct sound, look no further than the pioneers of the music scene on the Caribbean island – the Buena Vista Social Club. Founded in the heart of Havana as a hedonistic, fraternal society before the revolution, the Buena Vista Social Club is now emblematic of Cuba’s musical golden age. Ibrahim Ferrer, Compay Segundo, and Rubén González, all former members of the group, are considered the founding fathers of Cuba’s modern music scene.


In recent years, young artists have rejuvenated the scene. Far from breaking with traditional techniques, musicians such as pianist Roberto Fonseca and singer Daymé Arocena have sought to breathe new life into the island’s music scene, adapting and customizing the treasured rhythms of old.


Daymé Arocena is the country’s latest musical export. The young prodigy merges the piano lines made famous by the greats with more daring time signature changes and personal lyrics related to her religion, Santería, that she invokes with haunting chants.


Arocena’s introduction of electronic sounds into her album Cubafonía subtly fuses modernity with tradition, and while more conventional rumba often follows a set pattern, her songs are made up of unexpected twists and turns.


Cuba’s music scene is sophisticated, nuanced, and timeless. The sounds that emanate from the island have left a musical legacy strong enough to withstand today’s most unbearable chart-toppers. At night I sleep soundly knowing that, centuries from now, future generations will pour themselves a glass of rum, light a cigar, and kick back to some upbeat guajira.

Written by ​Thomas Davidson